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Language isolate

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Isolating_language" title="Isolating language">Isolating language</a>.</div>

A language isolate, or an isolated language, is a <a href="Language" title="Language">language</a> that has no demonstrable <a href="Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic relationship</a> with any other languages.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> in Europe, <a href="Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Ainu</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> and <a href="Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a> in Asia, <a href="Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> in Africa, <a href="Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a> and <a href="Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a> in North America, <a href="Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a> and <a href="Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a> in South America, and <a href="Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a> in Oceania are all examples of such languages. The exact number of language isolates is yet unknown due to insufficient data on several languages.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

One explanation for the existence of language isolates is that they might be the last remaining member of a larger language family. Such languages might have had relatives in the past that have since disappeared without being documented, leaving them an orphaned language. One example is the <a href="Ket_language" title="Ket language">Ket</a> language spoken in <a href="Central_Siberian_Plateau" title="Central Siberian Plateau">central Siberia</a>, which belongs to the wider <a href="Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a> language family; had it been discovered in recent times independently from its now extinct relatives, such as <a href="Yugh_language" title="Yugh language">Yugh</a> and <a href="Kott_language" title="Kott language">Kott</a>, it would have been classified as an isolate. Another explanation for language isolates is that they arose independently in isolation and thus do not share a common linguistic genesis with any other language but themselves. This explanation mostly applies to <a href="Sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign languages">sign languages</a> that have developed independently of other spoken or signed languages.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families if some of their dialects are judged to be sufficiently different from the standard to be seen as different languages. Examples include <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>: Japanese is now part of the <a href="Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic language family</a> with the <a href="Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a>, and Georgian is the main language in the <a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian language family</a>. There is a difference between language isolates and <a href="Unclassified_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Unclassified languages">unclassified languages</a>, but they can be difficult to differentiate when it comes to classifying <a href="Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> If such efforts eventually do prove fruitful, a language previously considered an isolate may no longer be considered one, as happened with the <a href="Yanyuwa_language" title="Yanyuwa language">Yanyuwa language</a> of northern <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, which has been placed in the <a href="Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Since linguists do not always agree on whether a genetic relationship has been demonstrated, it is often disputed whether a language is an isolate.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_relationships">Genetic relationships</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">Genetic relationship (linguistics)</a></div>

A genetic relationship is when two different languages are descended from a common ancestral language.<a href="#cite_note-:4-6">[6]</a> This is what makes up a <a href="Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a>, which is a set of languages for which sufficient evidence exists to demonstrate that they descend from a single ancestral language and are therefore genetically related.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a> For example, <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a> is related to other <a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> and <a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> is related to other <a href="Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>. By this criterion, each language isolate constitutes a family of its own.<a href="#cite_note-:4-6">[6]</a>

This is not to be confused with family-level isolates, which are not language isolates themselves but form a primary branch of a language family, such as <a href="Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> within <a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> and <a href="Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a> within <a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extinct_isolates">Extinct isolates</h2></div>

Caution is required when speaking of <a href="Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a> as language isolates. Despite their great age, <a href="Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a> and <a href="Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> can be safely classified as isolates, as the languages are well enough documented that, if modern relatives existed, they would be recognizably related.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A language thought to be an isolate may turn out to be related to other languages once enough material is recovered, but this is unlikely for extinct languages whose written records have not been preserved.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>

Many extinct languages are very poorly attested, which may lead to them being considered <a href="Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">unclassified languages</a> instead of language isolates. This occurs when linguists do not have enough information on a language to classify it as either a language isolate or as a part of another language family.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolates_v._unclassified_languages">Isolates v. unclassified languages</h2></div>

<a href="Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a> are different from language isolates in that they have no demonstrable genetic relationships to other languages due to a lack of sufficient data. In order to be considered a language isolate, a language needs to have sufficient data for comparisons with other languages through methods of <a href="Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical-comparative linguistics</a> to show that it does not have any genetic relationships.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>

Many extinct languages and living languages today are very poorly attested, and the fact that they cannot be linked to other languages may be a reflection of our poor knowledge of them. <a href="Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a>, <a href="Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a>, and <a href="Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a> are all considered unclassified languages, but their status is disputed by a minority of linguists.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Many extinct languages of the <a href="Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> such as <a href="Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a> and <a href="Majena_language" title="Majena language">Majena</a> may likewise have been isolates.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Several unclassified languages could also be language isolates, but linguists cannot be sure of this without sufficient evidence.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sign_language_isolates">Sign language isolates</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Deaf-community_sign_language" title="Deaf-community sign language">Deaf-community sign language</a> and <a href="Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">Village sign language</a></div>

A number of <a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> have arisen independently, without any ancestral language, and thus are language isolates. These include <a href="Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan Sign Language</a>, a well-documented case of what has happened in schools for the deaf in many countries.<a href="#cite_note-journals.sagepub.com-10">[10]</a> In Tanzania, for example, there are seven schools for the deaf, each with its own <a href="Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">sign language</a> with no connection to any other language.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Sign languages have also developed outside schools, in communities with high incidences of deafness, such as <a href="Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a> in Bali, and half a dozen sign languages of the hill tribes in Thailand including the <a href="Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor Sign Language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

These and more are all presumed isolates or small local families, because many deaf communities are made up of people whose hearing parents do not use sign language, and have manifestly, as shown by the language itself, not borrowed their sign language from other deaf communities during the recorded history of these languages.<a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reclassification">Reclassification</h2></div>

Some languages once seen as isolates may be reclassified as small families because their genetic relationship to other languages has been established. This happened with <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> and <a href="Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan languages</a>, <a href="Korean_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Language">Korean</a> and <a href="Koreanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreanic">Koreanic languages</a>, <a href="Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a> and <a href="Akokisa" title="Akokisa">Akokisa languages</a>, <a href="Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Tol and Jicaque of El Palmar</a> languages, and the <a href="Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan Guatemala</a> language family in which linguists have grouped the <a href="Chiquimulilla_language" title="Chiquimulilla language">Chiquimulilla</a>, <a href="Guazacap%C3%A1n_language" title="Guazacapán language">Guazacapán</a>, <a href="Jumaytepeque_language" title="Jumaytepeque language">Jumaytepeque</a>, and <a href="Yupiltepeque_language" title="Yupiltepeque language">Yupiltepeque</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_language_isolates_by_continent">List of language isolates by continent</h2></div>

Below is a list of known language isolates, arranged by continent, along with notes on possible relations to other languages or language families.

The status column indicates the <a href="Degree_of_endangerment" title="Degree of endangerment">degree of endangerment</a> of the language, according to the definitions of the UNESCO <a href="Red_Book_of_Endangered_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book of Endangered Languages">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Atlas_End.-14">[14]</a> "Vibrant" languages are those in full use by speakers of every generation, with consistent native acquisition by children. "Vulnerable" languages have a similarly wide base of native speakers, but a restricted use and the long-term risk of <a href="Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. "Endangered" languages are either acquired irregularly or spoken only by older generations. "Moribund" languages have only a few remaining native speakers, with no new acquisition, highly restricted use, and near-universal multilingualism. "Extinct" languages have no native speakers, but are sufficiently documented to be classified as isolates.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Languages_of_Africa#Unclassified_languages" title="Languages of Africa">Languages of Africa § Unclassified languages</a></div>

With few exceptions, all of Africa's languages have been gathered into four major phyla: <a href="Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>, <a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>, <a href="Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> and <a href="Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> However, the genetic unity of some language families, like <a href="Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> is questionable, and so there may be many more language families and isolates than currently accepted. Data for several African languages, like <a href="Kwisi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwisi language">Kwisi</a>, are not sufficient for classification. In addition, <a href="Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a>, <a href="Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>, <a href="Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>, <a href="Kujarg%C3%A9_language" title="Kujargé language">Kujargé</a>, and a few other languages within <a href="Nilo-Saharan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilo-Saharan">Nilo-Saharan</a> and <a href="Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a>-speaking areas may turn out to be isolates upon further investigation. <a href="Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a> and <a href="Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a> are highly divergent languages located within <a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>-speaking areas, and may also possibly be language isolates.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<th>Language

</th>

<th data-sort-type="number">Speakers

</th>

<th>Status

</th>

<th>Countries

</th>

<th>Comments

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a>

</td>

<td>3,500

</td>

<td data-sort-value="1" rowspan="2">Vibrant

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Bandiagara_Escarpment" title="Bandiagara Escarpment">Bandiagara Escarpment</a>. Used as an <a href="Anti-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-language">anti-language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bayot_language" title="Bayot language">Bayot</a>

</td>

<td>35,000

</td>

<td><a href="Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>

</td>

<td>Basic vocabulary shows no relation to other languages.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" data-sort-value="6">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>

</td>

<td>Although this language is poorly known, Zamponi (2025) unambiguously classified it as an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Not enough evidence exists to classify it as one of the <a href="Koman_languages" title="Koman languages">Koman languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-glot-22">[22]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a>

</td>

<td>1,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the southern shore of <a href="Lake_Eyasi" title="Lake Eyasi">Lake Eyasi</a> in the southwest of <a href="Arusha_Region" title="Arusha Region">Arusha Region</a>. Once listed as an outlier among the <a href="Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witzlack-Nakagawa-23">[23]</a> Language use is vigorous, though there are fewer than 1,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" data-sort-value="6">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>

</td>

<td>Strongly influenced by <a href="Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a>, but most vocabulary is very unusual.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>750

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken in three villages along the <a href="Chari_River" title="Chari River">Chari River</a> in <a href="Moyen-Chari_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Moyen-Chari Region">Moyen-Chari Region</a>. Poorly known. Also known as Gori. Possibly a distinct branch of <a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</a>, <a href="Chadic_languages" title="Chadic languages">Chadic</a> of the <a href="Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>, or mixed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>

</td>

<td>It is known only from a 70-word list given in a 1931 article. Blench (2007) considers it to be a possible language isolate.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a>

</td>

<td>12

</td>

<td>Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>

</td>

<td>Likely isolated.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>

</td>

<td>60,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant

</td>

<td><a href="Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the northwest of <a href="Dodoma_Region" title="Dodoma Region">Dodoma Region</a>. Tentatively linked to the <a href="Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witzlack-Nakagawa-23">[23]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>

</td>

<td>400

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Anderaccha" title="Anderaccha">Anderaccha</a>, Gecha, and Kaabo of the <a href="Southern_Nations%2C_Nationalities%2C_and_Peoples'_Region" title="Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region">Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region</a>. Linked to the <a href="Gumuz_language" title="Gumuz language">Gumuz</a> and <a href="Koman_languages" title="Koman languages">Koman</a> families in the proposed <a href="Komuz_languages" title="Komuz languages">Komuz</a> branch of the <a href="Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a>

</td>

<td>40,000

</td>

<td>Vibrant

</td>

<td><a href="Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>

</td>

<td>Traditionally classified as <a href="Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>. Due to lack of evidence or any resemblance is classified now as an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-Guldemann-31">[31]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th>Language

</th>

<th data-sort-type="number">Speakers

</th>

<th>Status

</th>

<th>Countries

</th>

<th>Comments

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the island of <a href="Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> in <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. Sometimes hypothesized to be related to <a href="Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-grenberg2000-33">[33]</a> while at other times proposed to be a branch of <a href="Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-patrie78-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-patrie82-35">[35]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Bugun_language" title="Bugun language">Bugun</a>

</td>

<td>900

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</td>

<td>Possible language isolate spoken by the <a href="Bugun" title="Bugun">Bugun</a> people of <a href="Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-auto-36">[36]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a>

</td>

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Yasin_Valley" title="Yasin Valley">Yasin Valley</a> and <a href="Hunza_Valley" title="Hunza Valley">Hunza Valley</a> of <a href="Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> and <a href="Hari_Parbat" title="Hari Parbat">Hari Parbat</a> of <a href="Jammu_and_Kashmir_(union_territory)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. Linked to <a href="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasian languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hamp2013-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> and <a href="Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene languages</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> in various proposals.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

</td>

<td>Formerly spoken in <a href="Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, along the northeast coast of the <a href="Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. Attested from around 2800 BC to 300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Some propose a relationship to the <a href="Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> (see <a href="Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a>), but this is not well-supported.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a>

</td>

<td>3,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</td>

<td>Possible language isolate spoken by the <a href="Hruso_people" title="Hruso people">Hruso people</a> of <a href="Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-auto-36">[36]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a>

</td>

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Gandaki_Province" title="Gandaki Province">Gandaki Province</a>. The recent discovery of a few speakers shows that it is not demonstrably related to anything else.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>18,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3" rowspan="2">Endangered

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="India" title="India">India</a>

</td>

<td>Possible language isolate spoken by the <a href="Miju_Mishmi_tribe" title="Miju Mishmi tribe">Miju Mishmi</a> of <a href="Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> in India.<a href="#cite_note-auto-36">[36]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken in northern <a href="Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> along the <a href="Tapti_River" title="Tapti River">Tapti River</a>. Strong lexical <a href="Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> influence from <a href="Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a>,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> as well as <a href="Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> and <a href="Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>. Used as <a href="Anti-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-language">anti-language</a> by speakers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-49">[49]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nivkh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nivkh language">Nivkh</a>

</td>

<td>200

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>

</td>

<td>Also known as Gilyak. Spoken in the lower <a href="Amur_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Amur River">Amur River</a> basin and in the northern part of <a href="Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>. Dialects sometimes considered two languages.<a href="#cite_note-Fortescue2016-50">[50]</a> Has been linked to <a href="Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>

</td>

<td>20,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="China" title="China">China</a>

</td>

<td>Possible language isolate spoken by the <a href="Puroik_people" title="Puroik people">Puroik people</a> of <a href="Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> in India and of <a href="Lh%C3%BCnz%C3%AA_County" title="Lhünzê County">Lhünzê County</a>, Tibet, in <a href="China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-36">[36]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Extinct

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken in Mesopotamia until around 1800 BC, but used as a <a href="Classical_language" title="Classical language">classical language</a> until 100 AD.<a href="#cite_note-oates79-52">[52]</a> Long-extinct, but well-attested language of ancient <a href="Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td>

<td>Poorly documented, extinct since the <a href="1815_eruption_of_Mount_Tambora" title="1815 eruption of Mount Tambora">1815 eruption of Mount Tambora</a>, basic vocabulary points towards it being an isolate.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>

</td>

<td>Highly influenced by <a href="Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a> and <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> to the extent some linguists have classed it as a <a href="Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div>

Current research considers that the <a href="Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">"Papuasphere"</a> centered in <a href="New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> includes as many as 37 isolates.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> (The more is known about these languages in the future, the more likely it is for these languages to be later assigned to a known language family.) To these, one must add several isolates found among non-<a href="Pama-Nyungan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pama-Nyungan languages">Pama-Nyungan</a> <a href="Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">languages of Australia</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2003-55">[55]</a>

<th>Language

</th>

<th data-sort-type="number">Speakers

</th>

<th>Status

</th>

<th>Countries

</th>

<th>Comments

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a>

</td>

<td>300

</td>

<td rowspan="6" data-sort-value="1">Vibrant

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the far north of <a href="New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. Also known as Bas or Foia. Language is considered safe by UNESCO but endangered by <a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>3,000

</td>

<td>Spoken in the northern area of <a href="Bird's_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> located in the province of <a href="Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a>. Linked to <a href="West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan languages</a> but Palmer (2018), <a href="Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, and <a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> consider it an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-LLNGA-59">[59]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>800

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the northwest coast of <a href="New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue22-PNG-60">[60]</a> Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Ata.<a href="#cite_note-Stebbins-Island-61">[61]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>2,000

</td>

<td>Spoken in the central highlands of <a href="New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>. Also known as Wasi. Perhaps related to Yélî Dnye and Anem.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a>

</td>

<td>250

</td>

<td><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Mamberamo_Raya_Regency" title="Mamberamo Raya Regency">Mamberamo Raya Regency</a>, <a href="Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua Province</a>. Linked to <a href="West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan languages</a> but Stephen Wurm and William A. Foley consider it an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>370

</td>

<td><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">Sandaun Province</a>, northwestern Papua New Guinea. Added to <a href="Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the northern part of <a href="Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a> until the early 1980s. Sometimes considered a small language family consisting of Mengerrdji, Urningangk and Erre.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2006-66">[66]</a> Part of a proposal for the undemonstrated <a href="Arnhem_Land_languages" title="Arnhem Land languages">Arnhem Land language family</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Isirawa_language" title="Isirawa language">Isirawa</a>

</td>

<td>1,800

</td>

<td rowspan="3">Vibrant

</td>

<td rowspan="3"><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>

</td>

<td>Whilst classed as a <a href="Kwerbic_languages" title="Kwerbic languages">Kwerbic language</a>, it only shares 20% of its vocabulary and is considered by some linguists to be an isolate.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>4,000

</td>

<td>Spoken in the northeastern part of <a href="New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>. Possibly related to the poorly known <a href="Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>, or the <a href="Baining_languages" title="Baining languages">Baining languages</a>, suggested as part of the <a href="East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-68">[68]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>1,500

</td>

<td>Spoken on <a href="New_Ireland_(island)" title="New Ireland (island)">New Ireland</a>. Also known as Panaras. Suggested to form part of the <a href="East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn-68">[68]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Lavukaleve_language" title="Lavukaleve language">Lavukaleve</a>

</td>

<td>1,700

</td>

<td>Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>

</td>

<td>Classified as an isolate by <a href="Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">Endangered Languages Project</a>;<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> historically classified as a <a href="Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomon language</a>, but little evidence was found of a relationship by Muller.<a href="#cite_note-ASJP-4-70">[70]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a>

</td>

<td>10

</td>

<td>Moribund

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in northern <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Often considered part of one Northern Daly family together with <a href="Tyeraity_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyeraity language">Tyeraity</a>. Used to be considered genetically related to the <a href="Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic languages</a>, but nowadays they are considered genetically distinct.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Marrgu_language" title="Marrgu language">Marrgu</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td>Marrgu had been assumed to be an <a href="Iwaidjan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwaidjan language">Iwaidjan language</a> like its neighbours. However, Evans (2006) has produced evidence that it was a language isolate, with possible connection to the extinct and poorly attested <a href="Wurrugu_language" title="Wurrugu language">Wurrugu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mawes_language" title="Mawes language">Mawes</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="4"><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td>

<td>Likely isolate.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a>

</td>

<td>25,000

</td>

<td>Vibrant

</td>

<td>Spoken in the central area of the <a href="Bird's_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a> located in the province of <a href="Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a>. Sometimes linked to <a href="West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan languages</a> but others consider it an isolate.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Molof_language" title="Molof language">Molof</a>

</td>

<td>230

</td>

<td>Vulnerable

</td>

<td>Usher (2020) tentatively suggests it may be related to <a href="Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ngw-75">[75]</a> However, <a href="S%C3%B8ren_Wichmann" title="Søren Wichmann">Søren Wichmann</a> (2018) and Foley (2018) consider it to be an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-Wichmann2013-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Foley-NWNG-77">[77]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>5,000

</td>

<td rowspan="2">Vibrant

</td>

<td>Spoken in the Mpur and Amberbaken Districts, <a href="Tambrauw_Regency" title="Tambrauw Regency">Tambrauw Regency</a> on the north coast of the <a href="Bird's_Head_Peninsula" title="Bird's Head Peninsula">Bird's Head Peninsula</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a>

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the eastern coast of <a href="Joseph_Bonaparte_Gulf" title="Joseph Bonaparte Gulf">Joseph Bonaparte Gulf</a> in the <a href="Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>. The proposed linkage to <a href="Ngan'gityemerri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngan'gityemerri language">Ngan'gityemerri</a> in one <a href="Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a> family<a href="#cite_note-Green_2003-79">[79]</a> is generally accepted to be valid.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Ngan'gityemerri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngan'gityemerri language">Ngan'gityemerri</a>

</td>

<td>26

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a> along the Daly River. The proposed linkage to <a href="Murrinh-patha_language" title="Murrinh-patha language">Murrinh-patha</a> in one <a href="Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a> family<a href="#cite_note-Green_2003-79">[79]</a> is generally accepted to be valid.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a>

</td>

<td>1,200

</td>

<td>Vibrant

</td>

<td rowspan="3"><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in 6 villages in <a href="West_Kikori_Rural_LLG" title="West Kikori Rural LLG">West Kikori Rural LLG</a> and <a href="East_Kikori_Rural_LLG" title="East Kikori Rural LLG">East Kikori Rural LLG</a> of <a href="Gulf_Province" title="Gulf Province">Gulf Province</a>, near the Aird Hills and <a href="Kikori_River" title="Kikori River">Kikori River</a> tributaries.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>250

</td>

<td>Vulnerable

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Green_River_Rural_LLG" title="Green River Rural LLG">Green River Rural LLG</a> in <a href="Sandaun_Province" title="Sandaun Province">Sandaun Province</a>, near the Indonesian border. Linked to neighboring <a href="Left_May_languages" title="Left May languages">Left May</a> and <a href="Amto%E2%80%93Musan_languages" title="Amto–Musan languages">Amto-Musan</a> in a proposed <a href="Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai-Samaia</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>

</td>

<td>2,500

</td>

<td>Vibrant

</td>

<td>Spoken across the eastern end of New Britain. Suggested to form part of the <a href="East_Papuan_languages" title="East Papuan languages">East Papuan family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dunn-68">[68]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tause_language" title="Tause language">Tause</a>

</td>

<td>500

</td>

<td>Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td>

<td>Was classified to encourage research as a <a href="Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain language</a>, but there has been little evidence so has been classed as an isolate.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Tayap</a>

</td>

<td data-sort-value="49"><50

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>

</td>

<td>Formerly spoken in the village of <a href="Gapun" title="Gapun">Gapun</a>. Links to <a href="Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik languages</a> and <a href="Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli languages</a> have been explored, but the general consensus among linguists is that it is an isolate unrelated to surrounding languages.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Tiwi_Islands" title="Tiwi Islands">Tiwi Islands</a> in the <a href="Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a>. Traditionally Tiwi is polysynthetic, but the Tiwi spoken by younger generations is not.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>1,900

</td>

<td><a href="Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>

</td>

<td>Classified as an isolate by Glottolog.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Umbugarla_language" title="Umbugarla language">Umbugarla</a>

</td>

<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td>Possibly a language isolate. <a href="Ngomburr_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngomburr language">Ngomburr</a> likely a dialect.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>20 ~ 160

</td>

<td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>

</td>

<td>Foley (2018) classifies it as a language isolate.<a href="#cite_note-Foley-NWNG-77">[77]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>

</td>

<td>11

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the southern part of the <a href="Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>. May be distantly related to the <a href="Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Merlan_1994-85">[85]</a> which might in turn be a member of the <a href="Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2003-55">[55]</a> but neither link has been demonstrated.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Wardaman</a>

</td>

<td>50

</td>

<td>Spoken in the southern part of the <a href="Top_End" title="Top End">Top End</a>. The extinct and poorly attested Dagoman and Yangman dialects are sometimes treated as separate languages, forming a <a href="Yangmanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangmanic languages">Yangmanic</a> family, to which <a href="Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a> may be distantly related.<a href="#cite_note-Merlan_1994-85">[85]</a> Possibly a member of the <a href="Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Macro-Gunwinyguan</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-Evans_2003-55">[55]</a> but this has yet to be demonstrated.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>5,000

</td>

<td>Vibrant

</td>

<td><a href="Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>

</td>

<td>Stebbins et al. (2018) classifies Yélî Dnye as an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> They explain similarities with Austronesian as being due to contact and diffusion.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div>

<th>Language

</th>

<th>Speakers

</th>

<th>Status

</th>

<th>Countries

</th>

<th>Comments

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a>

</td>

<td>806,000 (2021),<a href="#cite_note-basquetribune-87">[87]</a> 434,000 <a href="Passive_speaker_(language)" title="Passive speaker (language)">passive speakers</a><a href="#cite_note-inkesta2016-88">[88]</a>

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>

</td>

<td>Natively known as Euskara, the Basque language is found in the historical region of the <a href="Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a> between France and Spain. It has no known living relatives, although <a href="Aquitanian_language" title="Aquitanian language">Aquitanian</a> is commonly regarded as related to or a direct ancestor of Basque. Some linguists have claimed similarities with various <a href="Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">languages of the Caucasus</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> that are indicative of a relationship, while others have proposed a relation to <a href="Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> and to the hypothetical <a href="Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>

</td>

<td>As stated above, Hattic is usually considered unclassified rather than an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>

</td>

<td>Unclassified and poorly attested, and possibly a hoax, but from what inscriptions have been found appears to be unrelated to any known language.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div>

<th>Language

</th>

<th data-sort-type="number">Speakers

</th>

<th>Status

</th>

<th>Countries

</th>

<th>Comments

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="9">Extinct

</td>

<td rowspan="5"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Poorly attested. Spoken along the central coast of <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> until the early 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Sometimes regarded as two separate languages. Often included in the <a href="Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a> hypothesis in a <a href="Coast_Oregon_Penutian_languages" title="Coast Oregon Penutian languages">Coast Oregon Penutian</a> branch.<a href="#cite_note-journals.uchicago.edu-100">[100]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the Gulf coast of eastern <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and southwestern <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> until the early 1900s. Often linked to <a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> in a <a href="Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> until the 1930s. Classified as a language isolate per Campbell (2024).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in northern <a href="California" title="California">California</a> until the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Part of the <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a>

</td>

<td>Well-attested. Spoken along the Gulf coast of southeastern <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> until 1940.<a href="#cite_note-chitmacha-105">[105]</a> Possibly in the <a href="Totozoquean_languages" title="Totozoquean languages">Totozoquean</a> family of Mesoamerica.<a href="#cite_note-chitmacha-105">[105]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in southern <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and northeastern <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> until the 1700s. Part of the <a href="Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> hypothesis,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-106">[106]</a> has been linked to the hypothesised <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan languages</a> in a larger group.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-107">[107]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in extreme southern <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and northeastern <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900. Part of the <a href="Pakawan_languages" title="Pakawan languages">Pakawan</a> hypothesis, has been linked to the hypothesised <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan languages</a> in a larger group.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in northern <a href="Guerrero" title="Guerrero">Guerrero</a> until the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-El_Cuitlateco-108">[108]</a> Has been proposed to be part of <a href="Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a><a href="#cite_note-Amerind_Dictionary-109">[109]</a> and <a href="Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-El_Cuitlateco-108">[108]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a>

</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Poorly known. Spoken in the <a href="Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a> region of <a href="California" title="California">California</a> until the early 1800s. Part of the <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a>

</td>

<td>13

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a> archipelago off the northwest coast of <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and the southern islands of the <a href="Alexander_Archipelago" title="Alexander Archipelago">Alexander Archipelago</a> in southeastern <a href="Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. Some proposals connect it to the <a href="Na-Den%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené languages">Na-Dené languages</a>, but these have fallen into disfavor.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a>

</td>

<td>20,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Isthmus_of_Tehuantepec" title="Isthmus of Tehuantepec">Isthmus of Tehuantepec</a>, in the southeast of <a href="Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> state. Has been linked to various language families, but is still generally considered an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-112">[112]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a>

</td>

<td>12

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the <a href="Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a> in northwestern <a href="California" title="California">California</a>. Part of the <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis, but little evidence for this.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-112">[112]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a>

</td>

<td>13,200

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td>Spoken in several pueblos throughout <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, including <a href="Cochiti%2C_New_Mexico" title="Cochiti, New Mexico">Cochiti</a> and <a href="Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma</a> Pueblos. Has two main dialects: Eastern and Western. Sometimes those two dialects are separated into languages in a Keresan family.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a>

</td>

<td>345

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rockies</a> of northeastern <a href="Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, northwestern <a href="Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> and southeastern <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Attempts have been made to place it in a Macro-Algic or Macro-Salishan family, but these have not gained significant support.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-112">[112]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in southern <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> and eastern <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> until 1957.<a href="#cite_note-kimball2-114">[114]</a> Often linked to <a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a> in a <a href="Gulf_languages" title="Gulf languages">Gulf</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Attempts at revival have produced six people with some fluency.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Purépecha</a>

</td>

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the north of <a href="Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> state. Language of the ancient <a href="Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">Tarascan</a> kingdom. Sometimes regarded as two languages.<a href="#cite_note-AmerIndLang-Campbell-112">[112]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the south-central coast of <a href="California" title="California">California</a>. Part of the <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>720

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the coast of the <a href="Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, in the southwest of <a href="Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> state. Part of the <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="5">Extinct

</td>

<td rowspan="9"><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the southwest coast of <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> until 1960. Likely related to <a href="Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a>, <a href="Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan languages</a>, or possibly the <a href="Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan languages</a>. Part of the <a href="Penutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Penutian">Penutian</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-journals.uchicago.edu-100">[100]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in western <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> until mid 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-120">[120]</a> Part of the <a href="Penutian" class="mw-redirect" title="Penutian">Penutian</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-120">[120]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a>

</td>

<td>Well attested. Spoken in northern <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and southern <a href="Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> until the mid- to late 1700s. Briefly spoken in Cuba by a migrant community established in 1763. A connection with the poorly known <a href="Tawasa_language" title="Tawasa language">Tawasa language</a> has been suggested, but this may be a dialect.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in central and northern <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> until the early 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in western <a href="Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, northeastern <a href="Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and southeastern <a href="Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> until 1948.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a>

</td>

<td>20

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td>Spoken along the <a href="Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee River</a> in the Sierra Nevada of eastern <a href="California" title="California">California</a> and northwestern <a href="Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>. Part of the <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td>Well-attested. Spoken in northern <a href="California" title="California">California</a> until 1916. Part of the <a href="Hokan_languages" title="Hokan languages">Hokan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in Oklahoma, but formerly spoken in eastern Tennessee. A connection to the <a href="Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan languages</a> has been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The last native speaker died in 2021, but there is an ongoing revitalization project that has trained a small number of L2s.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>9,600

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Zuni_Pueblo%2C_New_Mexico" title="Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico">Zuni Pueblo</a> in northwestern <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. Links to <a href="Penutian_languages" title="Penutian languages">Penutian</a><a href="#cite_note-goddard-127">[127]</a> and <a href="Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> have been proposed.

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3></div>

<th>Language

</th>

<th data-sort-type="number">Speakers

</th>

<th>Status

</th>

<th>Countries

</th>

<th>Comments

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>

</td>

<td>150

</td>

<td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> of eastern <a href="Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. Links to <a href="Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a> and <a href="Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a> have been tentatively proposed.<a href="#cite_note-Voort,_Hein_2005-129">[129]</a> <a href="Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a> has been suggested.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Andoque_language" title="Andoque language">Andoque</a>

</td>

<td>370

</td>

<td><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the upper reaches of the <a href="Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá River</a>. Extinct in Peru. Possibly <a href="Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-130">[130]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a>

</td>

<td>6

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the <a href="Paragua_River" title="Paragua River">Paragua River</a> and <a href="Urarica%C3%A1_River" title="Uraricaá River">Uraricaá River</a> in the far southern area of <a href="Bol%C3%ADvar_(state)" title="Bolívar (state)">Bolívar State</a>, <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> and the far northern area of <a href="Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a>, <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Part of the proposed <a href="Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape language family</a> but more likely to be an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align:center; text-align:center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Apure_River" title="Apure River">Apure River</a> basin near the Colombian border until the 18th century. <a href="Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a> has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-:0-130">[130]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a>

</td>

<td>1,100

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river valleys in southwestern <a href="Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a>. Has been linked to various language families, but no agreement exists on its classification.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td rowspan="3"><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Llanos_de_Moxos" title="Llanos de Moxos">Llanos de Moxos</a> region of <a href="Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a> until around 2000. Connections with various language families have been proposed, none widely accepted.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cayuvava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuvava language">Cayuvava</a>

</td>

<td>12

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon</a> west of <a href="Mamore_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamore River">Mamore River</a>, north of <a href="Santa_Ana_del_Yacuma" title="Santa Ana del Yacuma">Santa Ana del Yacuma</a> in the <a href="Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a>

</td>

<td>5,300

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td>Spoken along the Beni river in <a href="Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>. Also spelled Tsimané. Sometimes split into multiple languages in a Moséten family. Linked to the <a href="Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan languages</a> in a <a href="Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten-Chonan</a> hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a>

</td>

<td>2,400

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the eastern part of Santa Cruz department and the southwestern part of <a href="Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> state. Has been linked to the <a href="Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Chonos_Archipelago" title="Chonos Archipelago">Chonos Archipelago</a> and <a href="Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a> until 1875. <a href="Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a> and Campbell (2024) characterize it as a language isolate.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>

</td>

<td>1,500

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in northern <a href="Sucumb%C3%ADos_Province" title="Sucumbíos Province">Sucumbíos Province</a> and southern <a href="Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo Department</a>. Also called A'ingae.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Sometimes classified as <a href="Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a>, but the similarities appear to be due to borrowings. Seriously endangered in Colombia.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Fulni%C3%B4_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a>

</td>

<td>1,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the states of <a href="Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>, <a href="Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, <a href="Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a>, <a href="Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a>, and the northern part of <a href="Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>. Divided into two dialects, Fulniô and Yatê.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Sometimes classified as a <a href="Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> language.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>

</td>

<td>Formerly spoken in <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> by the Guachí. Linkage has been proposed to the <a href="Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru language family</a>, however Campbell (2012) classifies it as an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-SAmerica-144">[144]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a>

</td>

<td>5

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the far south of <a href="Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> near the Bolivian border. Has been classified as <a href="Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>, but this is disputed.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>

</td>

<td>90

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td>Spoken by the Irántxe and Mỹky peoples in the state of <a href="Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> in <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. Recent descriptions of the language analyze it as a language isolate.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> According to Arruda (2003), it "bears no similarity with other language families".

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a>

</td>

<td>1

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the far-eastern part of <a href="Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>. A relationship to <a href="Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a> has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Kamëntšá</a>

</td>

<td>4,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Sibundoy" title="Sibundoy">Sibundoy</a> in the <a href="Putumayo_Department" title="Putumayo Department">Putumayo Department</a>. Also known as Camsa, Coche, Sibundoy, Kamentxa, Kamse, or Camëntsëá.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a>

</td>

<td>3

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in southeastern <a href="Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. Also known as Kapishana. Tentatively linked to <a href="Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a> and <a href="Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Voort,_Hein_2005-129">[129]</a> Part of a <a href="Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a> proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-148">[148]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in areas near <a href="Salar_de_Atacama" title="Salar de Atacama">Salar de Atacama</a> until the 1950s. Also known as Atacameño. Part of a <a href="Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a> proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-148">[148]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a>

</td>

<td>25

</td>

<td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in eastern <a href="Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>. Connections have been proposed with <a href="Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a> and <a href="Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Voort,_Hein_2005-129">[129]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>20

</td>

<td><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken at the foot of the <a href="Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in the <a href="La_Paz_Department_(Bolivia)" title="La Paz Department (Bolivia)">department of La Paz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku-Auari</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>–<a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> border in <a href="Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a> until 2000. Also known as Máku or Maku. Likely language isolate. Has been linked to the <a href="Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> and the <a href="Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean language families</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapuche</a>

</td>

<td>260,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in areas of the far-southern Andes and in the <a href="Chilo%C3%A9_Archipelago" title="Chiloé Archipelago">Chiloé Archipelago</a>. Also known as Mapudungun, Araucano or Araucanian.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Variously part of <a href="Andean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean languages">Andean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Amerind_Dictionary-109">[109]</a> <a href="Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-148">[148]</a> or <a href="Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> proposals. Sometimes <a href="Huilliche_language" title="Huilliche language">Huilliche</a> is treated as a separate language, reclassifying Mapuche into an <a href="Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawi</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken on the Castanha River and <a href="Madeirinha_River" title="Madeirinha River">Madeirinha River</a> in <a href="Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a> in <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> until the middle of the 20th century. Has been linked to the <a href="Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã language</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a>

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the northwest coast of <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> and in an inland village until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1920. Usually considered to be a language isolate,<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-SAmerica-144">[144]</a> but has also been hypothesized as belonging to a wider <a href="Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> language family.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a>

</td>

<td>1,400

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Llanos_de_Moxos" title="Llanos de Moxos">Llanos de Moxos</a>, in the north of <a href="Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni Department</a>. Affiliations with <a href="Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a>, <a href="Chibcha_language" title="Chibcha language">Chibcha</a> and <a href="Macro-Tucanoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Tucanoan">Macro-Tucanoan</a> have been proposed, none of these have been proven.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the southern part of <a href="Loreto_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto Region">Loreto Region</a> until the late 1990s. Possibly evolved either from a <a href="Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed language</a> or a sister language to <a href="Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Proto-Arawak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Nasayuwe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasayuwe language">Nasayuwe</a>

</td>

<td>60,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

<td><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the northern part of <a href="Cauca_Department" title="Cauca Department">Cauca Department</a>. Also known as Páez. Several proposed relationships in the <a href="Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a> hypothesis but nothing conclusive.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2" rowspan="4">Extinct

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken near the <a href="Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River" title="Marañón River">Marañón River</a> until 2006. Linkage to the <a href="Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan language family</a> has been proposed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td rowspan="2"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> until the early 1900s. <a href="Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a> has been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken between the <a href="Moxot%C3%B3_River" title="Moxotó River">Moxotó River</a> and the <a href="Paje%C3%BA_River" title="Pajeú River">Pajeú River</a> in eastern <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> after until the 1960s. Probably a language isolate.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a>

</td>

<td><a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> by the <a href="Payagu%C3%A1" title="Payaguá">Payaguá</a> until 1943. Linkage has been proposed to the <a href="Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru language family</a>, however Campbell (2012) classifies it as an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-SAmerica-144">[144]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Pirah%C3%A3_language" title="Pirahã language">Pirahã</a>

</td>

<td>380

</td>

<td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the <a href="Maici_River" title="Maici River">Maici River</a> in <a href="Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. The only living dialect of <a href="Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura language</a>.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Puelche_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puelche language">Puelche</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the Pampas region, last speaker died around 1960.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Sometimes linked to <a href="Het_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Het language">Het</a>, as part of the <a href="Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Included in a proposed <a href="Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a>

</td>

<td>3,000

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in 32 communities along the banks of the <a href="In%C3%ADrida_River" title="Inírida River">Inírida River</a> in <a href="Guain%C3%ADa_Department" title="Guainía Department">Guainía Department</a>, Colombia and in 10 communities along the <a href="Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco River</a>, in the Colombia–Venezuela border region. Generally considered to be a language isolate, but sometimes linked to <a href="Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean language family</a> along with other families and lesser attested languages.

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the <a href="Paragua_River" title="Paragua River">Paragua River</a> and Karuna River in <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> until 2018. Also known as Kaliana or Caliana. Part of the proposed <a href="Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape language family</a> but more likely to be an isolate.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a>

</td>

<td>3

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4" rowspan="2">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> and <a href="Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>

</td>

<td>Originally spoken around the mouth of the <a href="Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Rio Negro</a> river, now located in <a href="Maruranau" title="Maruranau">Maruranau</a> village among the <a href="Wapishana" title="Wapishana">Wapishana</a>. Kaufman (1990) proposed it to be distantly related to <a href="Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a>, but this relationship has not been repeated in recent surveys of South American languages by Campbell (2012), confirming that this language is an isolate.<a href="#cite_note-Serke22-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-SAmerica-144">[144]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a>

</td>

<td>1

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the northeastern area of the <a href="Loreto_province" title="Loreto province">Loreto province</a>. Linkage to the <a href="Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan language family</a> has been proposed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td>Spoken in the central part of <a href="Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto</a> until the 1950s. Also known as <a href="Auishiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Auishiri">Auishiri</a>. A connection with <a href="Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a> has been proposed.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a>

</td>

<td>51

</td>

<td data-sort-value="4">Moribund

</td>

<td><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>

</td>

<td>Settled on the upper Xingu River. Currently reside in the <a href="Xingu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Xingu National Park">Xingu National Park</a> in the northern part of <a href="Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a>

</td>

<td>3,000

</td>

<td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="2">Vulnerable

</td>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the central part of the <a href="Loreto_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Loreto Region">Loreto Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> Part of the <a href="Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a> proposal.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a>

</td>

<td>2,000

</td>

<td><a href="Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>

</td>

<td>Also known as Sabela. Spoken between the <a href="Napo_River" title="Napo River">Napo</a> and <a href="Curaray_River" title="Curaray River">Curaray</a> rivers. Could be spoken by several groups living in isolation.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a>

</td>

<td>32,800

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the <a href="Orinoco_Delta" title="Orinoco Delta">Orinoco Delta</a>. Sometimes linked to <a href="Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufman,_Terrence_1994-148">[148]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a>

</td>

<td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">Extinct

</td>

<td><a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in far-southern <a href="Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> until 2022. Also called Yámana.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a>

</td>

<td>7,900

</td>

<td data-sort-value="1">Vibrant

</td>

<td><a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken along the <a href="Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a>, <a href="Cinaruco_River" title="Cinaruco River">Cinaruco</a>, <a href="Meta_River" title="Meta River">Meta</a>, and <a href="Apure_River" title="Apure River">Apure</a> rivers. Linked to the extinct <a href="Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a>

</td>

<td>2,700

</td>

<td data-sort-value="3">Endangered

</td>

<td><a href="Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>

</td>

<td>Spoken in the foothills of the Andes, in <a href="Cochabamba_Department" title="Cochabamba Department">Cochabamba</a> and <a href="Beni_Department" title="Beni Department">Beni</a> Departments. Connections to <a href="Mosetenan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosetenan">Mosetenan</a>, <a href="Pano%E2%80%93Tacanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pano–Tacanan">Pano–Tacanan</a>, <a href="Arawakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawakan">Arawakan</a>, and <a href="Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a> have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">List of language families</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Lyle_Campbell" title="Lyle Campbell">Campbell, Lyle</a>, ed. 2017. Language Isolates. Routledge.</li>

<li>Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. New York: <a href="Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-509427-1</bdi>.</li>

<li>Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-16-048774-9</bdi>.</li>

<li>Goddard, Ives. (1999). Native Languages and Language Families of North America (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: <a href="University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a> (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8032-9271-6</bdi>.</li>

<li>Grimes, Barbara F. (Ed.). (2000). Ethnologue: Languages of the world, (14th ed.). Dallas, TX: <a href="SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-55671-106-9</bdi>. (Online edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/">Ethnologue: Languages of the World</a>).</li>

<li><a href="Marianne_Mithun" title="Marianne Mithun">Mithun, Marianne</a>. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: <a href="Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-23228-7</bdi> (hbk); <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-521-29875-X</bdi>.</li>

<li>Salaberri, Iker, Krajewska, Dorota, Santazilia, Ekaitz & Zuloaga, Eneko (eds.). (2025). Investigating Language Isolates. Typological and Diachronic Perspectives. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: <a href="John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789027218995</bdi>, <bdi>9789027246295</bdi> <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Ftsl.135">10.1075/tsl.135</a></li>

<li>Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/language-isolate">Ethnologue's list of language isolates</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Primary_language_families757" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a>(?)</li>

<li><a href="Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li>

<li><a href="Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimi_of_Decorse" title="Mimi of Decorse">Mimi of Decorse</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Ongota_language" title="Ongota language">Ongota</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia (<a href="Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li>

<li><a href="Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></li>

<li><a href="Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></li>

<li><a href="Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li>

<li><a href="Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li>

<li><a href="Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></li>

<li><a href="Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li>

<li><a href="Arunachal_languages" title="Arunachal languages">Arunachal</a>?

<ul><li><a href="Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li>

<li><a href="Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li>

<li><a href="Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li>

<li><a href="Rutuli" title="Rutuli">Rutulian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li>

<li><a href="Bugun_language" title="Bugun language">Bugun</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a> and <a href="Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li>

<li><a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></li>

<li><a href="Berau_Gulf_languages" title="Berau Gulf languages">Berau Gulf</a></li>

<li><a href="Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li>

<li><a href="Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li>

<li><a href="Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li>

<li><a href="East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li>

<li><a href="Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li>

<li><a href="Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li>

<li><a href="Gogodala%E2%80%93Suki_languages" title="Gogodala–Suki languages">Gogodala–Suki</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatam%E2%80%93Mansim_languages" title="Hatam–Mansim languages">Hatam–Mansim</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li>

<li><a href="Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></li>

<li><a href="Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantion%E2%80%93Meax_languages" title="Mantion–Meax languages">Mantion–Meax</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Halmahera_languages" title="North Halmahera languages">North Halmahera</a></li>

<li><a href="Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li>

<li><a href="Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li>

<li><a href="Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li>

<li><a href="Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li>

<li><a href="Teberan%E2%80%93Pawaian_languages" title="Teberan–Pawaian languages">Teberan–Pawaian</a></li>

<li><a href="Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li>

<li><a href="Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></li>

<li><a href="Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li>

<li><a href="Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li>

<li><a href="West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a>?</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li>

<li><a href="Burmeso_language" title="Burmeso language">Burmeso</a></li>

<li><a href="Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li>

<li><a href="Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Gunwinyguan languages">Gunwinyguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li>

<li><a href="Maningrida_languages" title="Maningrida languages">Maningrida</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li>

<li><a href="Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a> (Northern Daly?)</li>

<li><a href="Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li>

<li><a href="Gaagudju_language" title="Gaagudju language">Gaagudju</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Kungarakany_language" title="Kungarakany language">Kungarakany</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></li>

<li><a href="Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></li>

<li><a href="Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></li>

<li><a href="Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li>

<li><a href="Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></li>

<li><a href="Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li>

<li><a href="Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></li>

<li><a href="Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li>

<li><a href="Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></li>

<li><a href="Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li>

<li><a href="Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li>

<li><a href="Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li>

<li><a href="Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li>

<li><a href="Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yuki–Wappo</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></li>

<li><a href="Atakapa_language" title="Atakapa language">Atakapa</a></li>

<li><a href="Cayuse_language" title="Cayuse language">Cayuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></li>

<li><a href="Chitimacha_language" title="Chitimacha language">Chitimacha</a></li>

<li><a href="Coahuilteco_language" title="Coahuilteco language">Coahuilteco</a></li>

<li><a href="Cotoname_language" title="Cotoname language">Cotoname</a></li>

<li><a href="Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></li>

<li><a href="Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li>

<li><a href="Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li>

<li><a href="Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li>

<li><a href="Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a></li>

<li><a href="Salinan_language" title="Salinan language">Salinan</a></li>

<li><a href="Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></li>

<li><a href="Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunica</a></li>

<li><a href="Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li>

<li><a href="Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li>

<li><a href="Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li>

<li><a href="Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></li>

<li><a href="Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li>

<li><a href="Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li>

<li><a href="Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></li>

<li><a href="Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></li>

<li><a href="Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li>

<li><a href="Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li>

<li><a href="Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li>

<li><a href="Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></li>

<li><a href="Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li>

<li><a href="Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li>

<li><a href="Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li>

<li><a href="Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li>

<li><a href="Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Chicham</a></li>

<li><a href="Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li>

<li><a href="Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li>

<li><a href="Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li>

<li><a href="Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li>

<li><a href="Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li>

<li><a href="Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a></li>

<li><a href="Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li>

<li><a href="Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Kakwa_language" title="Kakwa language">Kakwa</a>-<a href="Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a></li>

<li><a href="Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Kariri</a></li>

<li><a href="Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a></li>

<li><a href="Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></li>

<li><a href="Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li>

<li><a href="Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li>

<li><a href="Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li>

<li><a href="Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li>

<li><a href="Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></li>

<li><a href="Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Xukuruan_languages" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukuruan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li>

<li><a href="Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a>?</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></li>

<li><a href="Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></li>

<li><a href="Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kam%C3%ABnt%C5%A1%C3%A1_language" title="Kamëntšá language">Camsá</a></li>

<li><a href="Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi-Shapra</a></li>

<li><a href="Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></li>

<li><a href="Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li>

<li><a href="Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></li>

<li><a href="Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></li>

<li><a href="Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></li>

<li><a href="Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></li>

<li><a href="Guach%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guachí language">Guachí</a></li>

<li><a href="Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li>

<li><a href="Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></li>

<li><a href="Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li>

<li><a href="Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></li>

<li><a href="Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></li>

<li><a href="Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku/Jukude</a></li>

<li><a href="Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></li>

<li><a href="Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li>

<li><a href="Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li>

<li><a href="Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></li>

<li><a href="Payagu%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Payaguá language">Payaguá</a></li>

<li><a href="Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li>

<li><a href="Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purian</a></li>

<li><a href="Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></li>

<li><a href="Sechura_language" title="Sechura language">Sechura</a></li>

<li><a href="Tall%C3%A1n_language" title="Tallán language">Tallán</a></li>

<li><a href="Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></li>

<li><a href="Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></li>

<li><a href="Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></li>

<li><a href="Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li>

<li><a href="Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li>

<li><a href="Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani/Huaorani</a></li>

<li><a href="Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li>

<li><a href="Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></li>

<li><a href="Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yahgan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li>

<li><a href="Yurumangui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurumangui language">Yurumangui</a></li>

<li><a href="Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Sanavir%C3%B3n_language" title="Sanavirón language">Sanavirón</a>?</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li>

<li><a href="Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li>

<li><a href="Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li>

<li><a href="Paraguay%E2%80%93Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" title="Paraguay–Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguay–Uruguay</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–Cayman</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese</a>?</li>

<li><a href="Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul>

<ul><li>See <a href="List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Village_sign_language" title="Village sign language">Village sign languages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li>

<li><a href="Spurious_languages" title="Spurious languages">Spurious languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li>

<li><a href="Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled languages</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in italics have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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